Walnut trees generally reach a height of 3-5 meters, with a grayish white bark and shallow longitudinal cracks. The pith of the branches is flaky, and the young branches have fine pubescence at the tips (2-year-old branches are often hairless). There are also trees as high as 20-25 meters, with shorter trunks and wider crowns compared to other species. When young, the bark is grayish green, but when old, it is grayish white and longitudinally split. Branchlets are hairless, shiny, covered with shield like glands, grayish green, and later brownish.
The pinnate compound leaves are 25-50 centimeters long, with 5-9 small leaves and 13 rare ones. Ovally ovate to elliptical in shape, with terminal leaflets usually larger, 5-15 centimeters long and 3-6 centimeters wide. The apex is acute or acuminate, and the base is round or wedge-shaped, sometimes heart-shaped. Entire or with inconspicuous blunt teeth, surface dark green, hairless, abaxial surface only slightly hairy in vein axils, petioles extremely short or absent, some shells are hard, while others are relatively soft.
Odd pinnate compound leaves are 25-30 cm in length, with petioles and leaf axes covered with extremely short glandular hairs and glandular bodies when young. Usually 5-9 small leaves are sparse, with 3 small leaves, elliptically ovate to elliptically long, about 6-15 cm in length and 3-6 cm in width. The top is blunt or sharply pointed, with a short gradually pointed base that is skewed or nearly circular. The edges are entire or on young trees with sparse serrations. The upper part is dark green, hairless, and the lower part is light green. The lateral veins are 11-15 pairs, with clusters of pubescent hairs in the armpit, Lateral leaflets have extremely short petioles or near sessiles, smaller ones born at the lower end, and terminal leaflets often have petioles about 3-6 cm long.
The male Catkin is 5-10cm long. The male flower has 6~30 stamens, 3-split calyx, 1-3 female flowers, 2-split style, and reddish red.
Flowering in May, the male catkin droops, measuring about 5-10 centimeters in length and up to 15 centimeters in sparsity. The bracts, bracteoles and Tepal of male flowers are all covered with glandular hairs. 6 to 30 stamens, anthers yellow, hairless. Female spikes usually have 1-3 (-4) female flowers. The involucre of female flowers is covered with extremely short glandular hairs, and the stigma is light green.
The fruit is elliptical in shape, with a diameter of about 5 centimeters and a grayish green color. When young, there are glandular hairs, but when old, there are no hairs. The internal nuts are spherical, yellow brown, and have irregular grooves on the surface.
The fruit sequence is short, with drooping berries and 1-3 fruits; The fruit is nearly spherical, with a diameter of 4-6 centimeters, and is hairless. The fruit pit is slightly wrinkled, with 2 longitudinal ribs and a short pointed tip at the top. The septum is relatively thin, with no gaps inside, and the endocarp wall has irregular gaps or only wrinkles without gaps. The walnut shell is the inner rind, while the outer and inner rinds are green in their immature state and peel off when they mature. The new walnut seed coat is very bitter.
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